Top 100 AWS Interview Questions and Answers (2024)

As cloud computing continues to dominate the tech industry, proficiency in Amazon Web Services (AWS) has become a sought-after skill for professionals in various domains. Whether you're a seasoned AWS veteran or just starting your journey, preparing for interviews can be a daunting task. To help you land your dream job, we've compiled a comprehensive list of the top 100 AWS interview questions and answers for 2024.

Below are all 100 AWS interview questions and answers:

1. What is AWS?

AWS stands for Amazon Web Services. It is a comprehensive and evolving cloud computing platform provided by Amazon.

2. What are the key components of AWS?

Key components of AWS include Compute (EC2, Lambda), Storage (S3, EBS), Databases (RDS, DynamoDB), Networking (VPC, Route 53), Security and Identity (IAM, KMS), and Management Tools (CloudWatch, CloudFormation).

3. What is the difference between EC2 and Lambda?

EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud) is a virtual server in the cloud that allows users to run applications. Lambda is a serverless computing service that runs code in response to events and automatically scales to handle them.

4. Explain what S3 is.

S3 (Simple Storage Service) is an object storage service that offers scalability, data availability, security, and performance. It is used to store and retrieve any amount of data from anywhere on the web.

5. What is the significance of VPC?

VPC (Virtual Private Cloud) allows users to create isolated sections of the AWS cloud where they can launch resources in a virtual network. It provides control over the network configuration, such as IP address range, subnets, route tables, and network gateways.

6. What is RDS?

RDS (Relational Database Service) is a managed database service that makes it easy to set up, operate, and scale a relational database in the cloud. It supports various database engines like MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, SQL Server, and MariaDB.

7. How do you ensure security in AWS?

Security in AWS is ensured through various services like Identity and Access Management (IAM), Key Management Service (KMS), Security Groups, Network Access Control Lists (NACLs), and encryption mechanisms.

8. What is IAM?

IAM (Identity and Access Management) is a service that helps you securely control access to AWS resources. It enables you to create and manage users, groups, roles, and permissions to access resources.

9. Explain the difference between Horizontal and Vertical scaling.

Horizontal scaling involves adding more instances of resources like servers to distribute the load, whereas vertical scaling involves increasing the capacity of existing resources like upgrading CPU, RAM, etc.

10. How does CloudWatch help in monitoring?

CloudWatch is a monitoring service that provides real-time monitoring of AWS resources and applications. It collects and tracks metrics, sets alarms, and generates logs for analysis and troubleshooting.

11. What is Auto Scaling?

Auto Scaling is a feature of AWS that automatically adjusts the number of EC2 instances based on demand. It helps maintain application availability and optimize resource usage.

12. What is the AWS Shared Responsibility Model?

The AWS Shared Responsibility Model delineates the security responsibilities between AWS and the customer. AWS is responsible for the security of the cloud, while the customer is responsible for security in the cloud.

13. What is DynamoDB?

DynamoDB is a fully managed NoSQL database service provided by AWS. It offers low-latency, scalable performance with seamless scalability and built-in security.

14. What is CloudFormation?

CloudFormation is an AWS service that enables you to define and provision AWS infrastructure as code using templates. It helps automate the deployment and management of resources in a consistent and repeatable manner.

15. Explain the difference between EBS and Instance Store.

EBS (Elastic Block Store) provides persistent block-level storage volumes that can be attached to EC2 instances, whereas Instance Store provides temporary block-level storage that is directly attached to the EC2 instance and is lost when the instance is terminated.

16. What is the difference between Elastic Beanstalk and ECS?

Elastic Beanstalk is a Platform as a Service (PaaS) offering that automates the deployment and management of web applications, whereas ECS (Elastic Container Service) is a container management service that allows you to run and scale containerized applications on AWS.

17. What is CloudFront?

CloudFront is a content delivery network (CDN) service provided by AWS. It delivers content, such as web pages, videos, and other files, to users with low latency and high transfer speeds by caching content at edge locations around the world.

18. Explain the use case of Lambda.

Lambda is commonly used for serverless computing, real-time file processing, event-driven automation, and building microservices architectures.

19. What is the difference between Multi-AZ and Read Replicas in RDS?

Multi-AZ (Availability Zone) deployment provides high availability and automatic failover within a region, whereas Read Replicas are used for read scalability and can be deployed across regions.

20. What is the AWS Free Tier?

The AWS Free Tier is a program that offers new customers a limited amount of AWS services for free for 12 months. It allows users to explore and experiment with AWS services without incurring any charges.

21. What is Elastic IP?

An Elastic IP address is a static IPv4 address associated with your AWS account that you can reserve and assign to any instance in a particular region until you choose to release it.

22. Explain Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS) in AWS.

CORS is a mechanism that allows restricted resources on a web page to be requested from another domain outside the domain from which the first resource was served. In AWS, you can configure CORS on Amazon S3 buckets to specify which origins are allowed to access your resources.

23. What is the difference between IAM Roles and IAM Users?

IAM Users represent an individual user or application that interacts with AWS, whereas IAM Roles are used to grant permissions to entities within or outside of AWS and are assumed by users, services, or AWS resources temporarily.

24. What are the benefits of using CloudFormation?

CloudFormation provides benefits such as Infrastructure as Code (IaC), enabling automated provisioning of resources, consistency across environments, version control, and simplification of resource management and deployment.

25. What is the purpose of an AWS Lambda function?

AWS Lambda functions are used to execute code in response to triggers such as changes to data in Amazon S3 buckets, updates to DynamoDB tables, HTTP requests via API Gateway, or scheduled events. They allow you to run code without provisioning or managing servers.

26. Explain the use case of AWS Glue.

AWS Glue is a fully managed extract, transform, and load (ETL) service that makes it easy to prepare and load data for analytics. It can automatically discover, catalog, and transform data stored in various sources, making it suitable for data integration, data warehousing, and data migration tasks.

27. What is AWS Direct Connect?

AWS Direct Connect is a service that establishes a dedicated network connection between your on-premises data center and AWS. It allows you to bypass the public internet and provides a more consistent and secure network experience for transferring data.

28. How does AWS Lambda pricing work?

AWS Lambda pricing is based on the number of requests and the duration of execution. You are charged for the number of requests processed and the time it takes for your code to execute, rounded up to the nearest 100ms.

29. What is AWS ECS Fargate?

AWS ECS Fargate is a serverless compute engine for containers that allows you to run containers without managing the underlying infrastructure. It automatically provisions and scales infrastructure resources based on your container workloads, providing a fully managed experience.

30. Explain the use case of AWS Kinesis.

AWS Kinesis is a platform for streaming data on AWS. It allows you to ingest, buffer, process, and analyze real-time data streams from various sources such as website clickstreams, IoT devices, log data, and social media feeds.

31. What is Amazon Redshift?

Amazon Redshift is a fully managed data warehouse service that allows you to analyze large datasets using SQL queries. It is optimized for high-performance analysis and supports complex querying and data integration with other AWS services.

32. What is AWS CloudTrail?

AWS CloudTrail is a service that enables governance, compliance, operational auditing, and risk auditing of your AWS account. It provides a record of actions taken by users, services, and AWS resources, allowing you to track changes and troubleshoot issues.

33. Explain the difference between EKS and ECS.

Amazon EKS (Elastic Kubernetes Service) is a managed Kubernetes service that allows you to run Kubernetes clusters on AWS, whereas Amazon ECS (Elastic Container Service) is a fully managed container orchestration service that supports Docker containers and allows you to easily run and scale containerized applications.

34. What is AWS Transit Gateway?

AWS Transit Gateway is a service that simplifies network connectivity between VPCs, VPNs, and on-premises networks. It acts as a hub that enables you to centrally manage and scale connectivity across multiple networks.

35. What is Amazon Aurora?

Amazon Aurora is a fully managed relational database engine that is compatible with MySQL and PostgreSQL. It is designed to deliver high performance, reliability, and scalability with features such as automated backups, fault tolerance, and multi-region replication.

36. Explain the difference between Stateful and Stateless services.

Stateful services maintain the state of the system, meaning they store data about previous interactions with clients, whereas stateless services do not retain any client session information between requests and treat each request as independent.

37. What is AWS Lambda Layers?

AWS Lambda Layers allow you to centrally manage code and data that can be shared across multiple Lambda functions. They enable you to reuse libraries, custom runtimes, and other dependencies across different functions, reducing duplication and improving code management.

38. How does AWS CodePipeline work?

AWS CodePipeline is a continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD) service that automates the build, test, and deployment phases of your release process. It allows you to create and visualize pipelines that automate the steps required to release your application changes.

39. What is AWS IAM Policy?

An IAM policy is a JSON document that defines permissions for users, groups, roles, and AWS resources. It specifies the actions that are allowed or denied on specified resources and can be attached to IAM identities or resources to control access.

40. Explain the concept of AWS Snowball.

AWS Snowball is a petabyte-scale data transport solution that allows you to securely transfer large amounts of data into and out of AWS. It provides a ruggedized shipping container with built-in encryption and a tamper-evident seal for physical data transfer.

41. What is AWS DataSync?

AWS DataSync is a data transfer service that makes it easy to automate and accelerate data movement between on-premises storage systems and AWS. It can handle large-scale data transfers securely and efficiently, with features like automatic encryption and bandwidth optimization.

42. How does AWS WAF work?

AWS WAF (Web Application Firewall) is a security service that helps protect web applications from common web exploits and attacks. It allows you to create custom rules to filter and monitor HTTP and HTTPS requests before they reach your application, providing an additional layer of protection.

43. What is Amazon ECS Anywhere?

Amazon ECS Anywhere is a new capability of Amazon ECS that allows you to run and manage containerized applications on-premises using the same APIs, cluster management, and deployment workflows as ECS in the cloud. It extends the benefits of ECS to hybrid cloud environments.

44. Explain the use case of AWS IoT Core.

AWS IoT Core is a managed cloud service that enables devices to securely connect to the cloud and interact with AWS services. It provides features such as device authentication, message routing, and device shadowing, making it suitable for building scalable and secure IoT applications.

45. What is AWS Lambda Destinations?

AWS Lambda Destinations is a feature that allows you to send the results of a Lambda function invocation to another AWS service asynchronously. It enables you to decouple the execution of your functions from downstream processing and simplifies error handling and retries.

46. How does AWS CodeBuild work?

AWS CodeBuild is a fully managed build service that compiles source code, runs tests, and produces deployable artifacts. It automatically scales to accommodate your build volume and can integrate with other AWS services like CodePipeline for continuous integration and delivery workflows.

47. What is Amazon Cognito?

Amazon Cognito is a managed authentication and authorization service that allows you to add user sign-up, sign-in, and access control to your web and mobile apps. It provides features such as user directories, social identity providers, and multi-factor authentication, making it easy to secure your applications.

48. What is AWS Organizations?

AWS Organizations is a service that allows you to centrally manage and govern multiple AWS accounts. It enables you to create and organize accounts into hierarchies, apply policies for security and compliance, and simplify billing and cost management across your organization.

49. Explain the difference between Serverless and Containerization.

Serverless computing allows you to run code without provisioning or managing servers, whereas containerization involves packaging applications and their dependencies into lightweight containers that can be deployed consistently across different environments.

50. What is AWS Data Pipeline?

AWS Data Pipeline is a web service that enables you to orchestrate and automate the movement and transformation of data between different AWS services and on-premises data sources. It allows you to define workflows using a visual editor or JSON templates, making it easy to schedule and monitor data-driven tasks.

51. What is AWS X-Ray?

AWS X-Ray is a distributed tracing service that helps developers analyze and debug production applications. It provides insights into the performance of your application, identifies bottlenecks and errors, and visualizes the flow of requests as they travel through your system.

52. Explain the difference between Spot Instances and On-Demand Instances.

Spot Instances are spare EC2 capacity that is available at a discounted price compared to On-Demand Instances, but their availability is subject to supply and demand fluctuations. On-Demand Instances are EC2 instances that are available for immediate use at a fixed price with no long-term commitments.

53. What is AWS Artifact?

AWS Artifact is a portal that provides on-demand access to AWS compliance reports and other relevant documentation. It allows customers to download audit reports, certifications, and agreements to help demonstrate compliance with regulatory requirements and industry standards.

54. How does AWS Batch work?

AWS Batch is a fully managed batch processing service that enables you to run batch computing workloads on AWS. It automatically provisions and scales compute resources based on your job requirements, allowing you to focus on developing and running batch jobs without managing infrastructure.

55. What is Amazon Neptune?

Amazon Neptune is a fully managed graph database service that allows you to build and run applications that work with highly connected datasets. It supports both property graph and RDF graph models and provides features such as ACID transactions, high availability, and encryption at rest.

56. Explain the difference between Amazon S3 and Amazon EFS.

Amazon S3 is an object storage service that is optimized for storing and retrieving large amounts of unstructured data, whereas Amazon EFS is a file storage service that provides scalable and shared file storage for Linux-based workloads.

57. What is AWS AppConfig?

AWS AppConfig is a managed configuration service that allows you to deploy application configurations in a controlled and validated manner. It enables you to dynamically update configurations across distributed applications and monitor the changes using built-in validation and rollback features.

58. What is Amazon GuardDuty?

Amazon GuardDuty is a threat detection service that continuously monitors for malicious activity and unauthorized behavior in your AWS accounts. It analyzes data from multiple sources, such as VPC Flow Logs, CloudTrail logs, and DNS logs, to identify potential security threats and vulnerabilities.

59. What is AWS Data Lake?

AWS Data Lake is a centralized repository that allows you to store structured and unstructured data at any scale. It provides features such as data ingestion, cataloging, and analytics, making it easy to analyze and derive insights from large and diverse datasets.

60. How does AWS Step Functions work?

AWS Step Functions is a serverless orchestration service that allows you to coordinate and automate workflows across multiple AWS services. It provides a visual interface for designing state machines that define the steps and logic of your workflow, making it easy to build and manage complex business processes.

61. What is Amazon EventBridge?

Amazon EventBridge is a serverless event bus service that makes it easy to connect applications together using events. It allows you to build event-driven architectures by routing events from various sources to targets such as Lambda functions, SNS topics, and SQS queues.

62. What is AWS Elemental MediaConvert?

AWS Elemental MediaConvert is a file-based video transcoding service that allows you to convert media files from one format to another. It supports a wide range of input and output formats and provides features such as encryption, watermarking, and dynamic packaging for adaptive bitrate streaming.

63. Explain the use case of Amazon Polly.

Amazon Polly is a text-to-speech service that allows you to convert text into lifelike speech using advanced deep learning technologies. It provides natural-sounding voices in multiple languages and accents, making it suitable for applications such as voice-enabled interfaces, audio books, and language learning tools.

64. What is AWS Transfer Family?

AWS Transfer Family is a set of fully managed file transfer services that allow you to securely transfer files over the internet using protocols such as FTP, FTPS, and SFTP. It provides features such as encryption at rest and in transit, identity federation, and integration with AWS security services.

65. What is AWS Budgets?

AWS Budgets is a service that allows you to set custom cost and usage budgets for your AWS resources. It helps you track your spending and monitor your usage against predefined thresholds, with alerts and notifications to help you stay within budget.

66. How does AWS CodeCommit work?

AWS CodeCommit is a fully managed source control service that allows you to securely store and manage your Git repositories in the cloud. It provides features such as branch management, code reviews, and integration with other AWS services like CodeBuild and CodePipeline.

67. What is Amazon FSx?

Amazon FSx is a fully managed file storage service that provides shared file storage for Windows and Lustre workloads. It allows you to easily create and manage file systems without provisioning or managing servers, making it suitable for applications such as Windows file shares and high-performance computing (HPC) workloads.

68. Explain the use case of AWS IoT Greengrass.

AWS IoT Greengrass is a software platform that extends AWS IoT functionality to edge devices such as IoT sensors and gateways. It allows you to run local compute, messaging, and data caching on edge devices, enabling them to interact with AWS services even when they are offline or have limited connectivity.

69. What is AWS Amplify?

AWS Amplify is a set of tools and services for building scalable and secure cloud-powered applications. It provides features such as authentication, analytics, and hosting, along with client libraries and UI components for popular frontend frameworks like React, Angular, and Vue.

70. What is AWS Cloud9?

AWS Cloud9 is a cloud-based integrated development environment (IDE) that allows you to write, run, and debug code in the cloud. It provides features such as code editing, collaboration, and built-in support for popular programming languages and frameworks.

71. What is AWS Elemental MediaLive?

AWS Elemental MediaLive is a broadcast-grade live video processing service that allows you to encode, package, and deliver live video streams to viewers across a wide range of devices. It supports features such as ad insertion, captioning, and time-shifted viewing for live events and broadcasts.

72. Explain the use case of AWS AppSync.

AWS AppSync is a fully managed GraphQL service that allows you to build scalable and secure APIs for your applications. It provides features such as real-time data synchronization, offline data access, and fine-grained access control, making it suitable for building data-driven applications with complex data requirements.

73. What is Amazon Kendra?

Amazon Kendra is an intelligent search service that allows you to easily search and discover information across your organization's data sources. It uses machine learning algorithms to understand natural language queries and provide accurate and relevant search results, making it easy to find the information you need.

74. What is AWS CodeArtifact?

AWS CodeArtifact is a fully managed artifact repository service that allows you to store, publish, and share software packages. It provides features such as dependency management, access control, and integration with popular build tools and package managers, making it easy to manage and distribute software artifacts.

75. How does AWS Cost Explorer work?

AWS Cost Explorer is a tool that allows you to visualize, understand, and manage your AWS costs and usage. It provides interactive charts and graphs to help you analyze your spending patterns, identify cost-saving opportunities, and forecast future costs based on historical data.

76. What is AWS Marketplace?

AWS Marketplace is an online store that allows you to discover, purchase, and deploy software solutions and services from third-party vendors. It offers a wide range of products across categories such as security, networking, analytics, and machine learning, with flexible pricing and deployment options.

77. Explain the difference between Amazon Cognito User Pools and Identity Pools.

Amazon Cognito User Pools are user directories that provide sign-up and sign-in functionality for your applications, whereas Amazon Cognito Identity Pools provide temporary AWS credentials for users who authenticate with third-party identity providers such as Facebook, Google, or Amazon.

78. What is AWS Backup?

AWS Backup is a fully managed backup service that allows you to centralize and automate the backup of your AWS resources. It supports a wide range of AWS services, including EBS volumes, RDS databases, DynamoDB tables, and EFS file systems, with features such as cross-region replication, lifecycle management, and encryption.

79. What is AWS Glue DataBrew?

AWS Glue DataBrew is a visual data preparation tool that allows you to clean and transform data without writing code. It provides a point-and-click interface for performing tasks such as data profiling, data cleansing, and data normalization, making it easy to prepare data for analysis and machine learning.

80. How does AWS Certificate Manager work?

AWS Certificate Manager is a service that allows you to provision, manage, and deploy SSL/TLS certificates for your AWS resources. It automatically handles certificate renewal, validation, and deployment, making it easy to secure your applications and websites with HTTPS encryption.

81. What is Amazon CloudWatch Logs?

Amazon CloudWatch Logs is a logging service that allows you to monitor, store, and access log files from your AWS resources. It provides features such as log streaming, real-time monitoring, and log insights to help you troubleshoot issues and analyze system performance.

82. Explain the use case of Amazon Elasticsearch Service.

Amazon Elasticsearch Service is a fully managed search and analytics service that allows you to deploy, operate, and scale Elasticsearch clusters in the AWS cloud. It provides features such as full-text search, real-time analytics, and visualization tools for analyzing large volumes of data.

83. What is AWS Data Lifecycle Manager?

AWS Data Lifecycle Manager is a service that allows you to automate the lifecycle management of your AWS resources. It enables you to create lifecycle policies to automate tasks such as snapshot management, backup retention, and data archiving, helping you optimize storage costs and comply with data retention policies.

84. What is AWS PrivateLink?

AWS PrivateLink is a service that allows you to securely connect your VPC to AWS services and VPC endpoint services without exposing your traffic to the public internet. It provides private connectivity over the AWS network backbone, with features such as encryption, isolation, and granular access control.

85. How does AWS Systems Manager work?

AWS Systems Manager is a management service that allows you to automate operational tasks across your AWS resources. It provides features such as inventory management, patch management, automation workflows, and parameter store for storing and managing configuration data.

86. What is AWS Snowball Edge?

AWS Snowball Edge is a ruggedized device that allows you to transfer large amounts of data into and out of AWS in environments with limited or no internet connectivity. It provides built-in compute and storage capabilities, making it suitable for edge computing, data migration, and offline processing tasks.

87. What is AWS App Runner?

AWS App Runner is a fully managed containerization service that allows you to deploy and run containerized web applications at scale. It automatically manages the infrastructure, scaling, and deployment of your containers, making it easy to build and deploy applications without managing servers or containers.

88. Explain the use case of Amazon Lex.

Amazon Lex is a conversational AI service that allows you to build chatbots and natural language processing applications. It provides features such as automatic speech recognition, natural language understanding, and dialogue management, making it easy to create interactive and engaging conversational experiences for your users.

89. What is AWS Audit Manager?

AWS Audit Manager is a service that helps you automate the process of assessing and managing compliance with regulatory standards and industry best practices. It provides pre-built frameworks, automated assessments, and centralized reporting to help you streamline compliance audits and reduce manual effort.

90. What is AWS Elemental MediaPackage?

AWS Elemental MediaPackage is a video origination and packaging service that allows you to securely deliver live and on-demand video content to a wide range of devices. It supports features such as content protection, adaptive bitrate streaming, and server-side ad insertion for delivering high-quality video experiences.

91. How does AWS DataSync work?

AWS DataSync is a data transfer service that allows you to automate and accelerate the movement of data between on-premises storage systems and AWS. It uses a purpose-built protocol to optimize data transfer over the internet and provides features such as encryption, compression, and data validation to ensure data integrity.

92. What is AWS SaaS Boost?

AWS SaaS Boost is an open-source framework that helps software vendors accelerate the migration and modernization of their applications to a software-as-a-service (SaaS) model on AWS. It provides pre-built components, best practices, and automation tools to help you build scalable and multi-tenant SaaS applications quickly and efficiently.

93. What is Amazon Quantum Ledger Database (QLDB)?

Amazon Quantum Ledger Database (QLDB) is a fully managed ledger database service that provides a transparent, immutable, and cryptographically verifiable transaction log. It is designed to help you build applications that require a reliable and tamper-proof audit trail, such as financial systems, supply chain tracking, and legal contracts.

94. Explain the use case of AWS IoT Device Defender.

AWS IoT Device Defender is a service that helps you secure your IoT devices and mitigate security risks in your IoT fleet. It provides features such as continuous monitoring, anomaly detection, and audit trails to help you identify and remediate security vulnerabilities in your IoT deployments.

95. What is Amazon Lookout for Vision?

Amazon Lookout for Vision is a machine learning service that allows you to easily identify and analyze visual anomalies in images and videos. It uses computer vision algorithms to detect defects, damages, and irregularities in manufacturing, quality control, and industrial processes, helping you improve product quality and reduce operational costs.

96. What is AWS Panorama?

AWS Panorama is a machine learning appliance and software development kit (SDK) that allows you to add computer vision capabilities to existing on-premises cameras and video feeds. It provides features such as object detection, image classification, and model training, making it easy to build and deploy custom computer vision applications for industrial, retail, and smart city use cases.

97. How does AWS Amplify DataStore work?

AWS Amplify DataStore is a client library that allows you to synchronize and manage data between your web and mobile applications and AWS services. It provides features such as offline data access, real-time data synchronization, and conflict resolution, making it easy to build responsive and reliable applications that work both online and offline.

98. What is AWS Outposts?

AWS Outposts is a fully managed service that allows you to run AWS infrastructure and services on-premises using the same APIs, tools, and hardware as in the AWS cloud. It provides a consistent hybrid cloud experience and allows you to modernize existing applications and build new ones with AWS services closer to your data and users.

99. What is Amazon S3 Glacier?

Amazon S3 Glacier is a low-cost storage service that provides secure and durable archival storage for data that is infrequently accessed or retained for long periods of time. It offers features such as flexible retrieval options, data lifecycle policies, and encryption to help you manage and protect your archival data at scale.

100. How does AWS Distro for OpenTelemetry work?

AWS Distro for OpenTelemetry is a distribution of the OpenTelemetry observability project that provides libraries, agents, and instrumentation for collecting and sending telemetry data from your applications to AWS and other observability tools. It allows you to monitor and troubleshoot your distributed systems and microservices architectures with rich metrics, logs, and traces, helping you improve application performance and reliability.

Conclusion:

Preparing for AWS interviews requires a deep understanding of various AWS services, architectures, best practices, and troubleshooting techniques. By mastering the top 100 AWS interview questions and answers provided in this article, you'll be well-equipped to showcase your expertise and secure your desired role in the rapidly evolving cloud computing landscape. Good luck!